Movie Review of "Vita & Virginia".

Hello, 

         Here's a blog assigned by Prakruti Bhatt ma'am, and this is a part of Movie Review of "Vita and Virginia". What are the techniques and which aspects of movie suggest the communication through the Letters, and that a most important point of movie we can find in such point. Here, some question of related movie first is brief overview of film by chanya. 

Chanya Buttons

The film is written by chanya that emphasis on Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf's encounter at the Bloomsbury Group ignites a fire between the two literary icons. Their affair inspires Woolf to pen 'Orlando', one of her most famous works.

Inspired by a 1994 stage play by the venerated British actor Eileen Atkins (who wrote the script with the director, Chanya Button), “Vita & Virginia” takes a passionate, real-life affair between two enormously gifted writers and proceeds to throttle the life out of it.

Question : 1

How do the letters function not only as a medium of communication between the two central characters but also as narrative tool within the film? 

Answer :

➡️        In the film, letters transcend their role as a mere medium of communication between the two central characters, becoming a profound narrative device that shapes the story’s structure and emotional depth. They serve as a bridge connecting the characters, who are often separated by time, distance, or circumstances, allowing their thoughts, emotions, and inner lives to be conveyed with authenticity. Through the exchange of letters, the audience gains insight into the characters’ evolving relationship, their personalities, and their vulnerabilities, creating an intimate connection between them and the viewers. The physical act of writing and reading letters symbolizes a deliberate and meaningful form of expression, contrasting with the fleeting nature of spoken words or digital communication.

         Narratively, the letters function as a storytelling technique that enables the film to shift perspectives and timelines seamlessly. They often reveal key events, thoughts, or realizations, sometimes even providing dramatic irony when the audience knows something the characters do not. The gradual unfolding of the correspondence allows the story to maintain a measured pace, building tension and anticipation as the characters navigate their challenges and misunderstandings. By juxtaposing the letters with visual elements, such as the characters’ surroundings or expressions while reading, the film deepens the emotional impact, illustrating the interplay between their internal and external worlds.

        Moreover, letters emphasize themes central to the narrative, such as the passage of time, the endurance of human connection, and the power of words. Their tactile and personal nature reflects the characters’ longing for authenticity in an increasingly impersonal world. As the letters accumulate, they form a tangible chronicle of the characters’ journey, capturing the subtleties of their emotional growth and the development of their bond. This cumulative effect enhances the film’s resonance, leaving the audience with a sense of closure and a profound appreciation for the timeless art of written communication.

Question : 2

 

Discuss some of the views regarding marriage, relationship and the role of society presented by the various characters in the film.

Answer :

➡️      Views on Marriage, Relationships, and the Role of Society in the Film:

🔺Marriage as a Social Obligation 

    Overview: Certain characters in the film view marriage primarily as a societal expectation rather than a personal choice. For them, marriage is not only about the individuals involved but also about fulfilling family and cultural responsibilities.

    Example: A character might say, "Marriage is not just between two people but between two families," emphasizing the collective importance placed on marriage.

     Analysis: This perspective highlights how societal norms often pressure individuals into prioritizing the expectations of their families or communities. The film uses this viewpoint to critique the way such obligations can stifle personal happiness and individuality.

🔺Marriage as a Partnership of Love and Understanding

    Overview: Other characters advocate for marriage as a union built on mutual love, respect, and emotional connection, rather than societal expectations or material benefits.

   Example: A line such as, "A true relationship is built on understanding, not just convenience," reflects this belief.

    Analysis: This perspective offers a progressive critique of traditional, transactional views of marriage. It emphasizes the importance of individuality and personal agency in choosing a partner, portraying love and understanding as the keys to a fulfilling relationship.

🔺Gender Roles and Sacrifice in Relationships

   Overview: The film delves into the imbalance of power and sacrifice in traditional relationships, especially the expectations placed on women to prioritize family and marital duties over their own aspirations.

   Example: A character might question, "Why must one always compromise more than the other?" addressing the inequities in conventional marital roles.

   Analysis: This viewpoint critiques the historically patriarchal nature of relationships, where women are often expected to bear the brunt of sacrifices. By raising these questions, the film encourages a discussion about gender equality in modern relationships.

🔺Society’s Role in Relationships

     Overview: The film portrays society as a powerful force that often dictates the course of personal relationships, imposing rigid norms and standards.

    Example: A character might say, "In love, there are no rules, but society always has its say," illustrating how societal judgment can complicate relationships.

     

   Analysis: This perspective reveals the tension between personal desires and societal expectations. When Virginia writes a novel on character Vita, so there were her mother comes for illustrate the effects of their writing, The film uses such dialogue to critique how societal pressures can stifle genuine connections, leaving individuals to navigate complex emotional and social challenges.

🔺Evolving Dynamics of Relationships

      Overview: Some characters reflect on how relationships are evolving to prioritize companionship, mutual growth, and equality over traditional roles and expectations.

          Example: A line like, "Marriage is not about control but companionship," underscores the shift towards modern values in relationships.

    Analysis: By presenting this perspective, the film highlights the changing dynamics of relationships in a contemporary context. It advocates for partnerships that are based on mutual support and shared responsibilities, encouraging viewers to rethink outdated norms.

Question : 3

In your opinion, is the film able to capture Woolf's depressive state with sincerity & genuity?

Answer :

➡️     Here, as my opinion To evaluate whether a film captures Virginia Woolf's depressive state with sincerity and genuineness, it's important to consider various aspects such as the film's portrayal of her mental state, performance of the actors, tone and atmosphere, and the way her inner turmoil is conveyed. If the film you're referring to is The Hours (2002), which portrays Woolf’s struggles with depression, here’s how we can assess its sincerity and genuineness:

1. Portrayal of Woolf's Internal Struggles

Sincerity: The film uses vivid imagery and dreamlike sequences to reflect Woolf's mental state. Her depressive episodes are shown through her intense, often disturbing thoughts, such as her moments of self-doubt and the overwhelming sense of despair that leads to her eventual death. The film does not shy away from the gravity of her condition, showing her feeling trapped and lost.

Genuineness: The film presents these struggles without romanticizing them. There is no attempt to make Woolf’s depression seem poetic or glamorous. The cinematography, such as the reflections of her in mirrors or windows, conveys the sense of isolation and fragmentation she experienced.

2. Performance of the Actors

Nicole Kidman’s portrayal of Virginia Woolf is often praised for capturing her vulnerability and inner turmoil. The prosthetic nose and makeup help transform Kidman physically, but it’s her emotional depth that makes the portrayal powerful. She conveys the tension between Woolf’s external composure and the internal chaos. Kidman’s subtle expressions, moments of silence, and interactions with the world around her reflect Woolf’s sense of being misunderstood, making her depression seem more authentic.

Sincerity: Kidman’s performance feels grounded in the reality of Woolf’s pain, and her portrayal does not make Woolf’s struggles feel exaggerated or sensationalized.

3. Tone and Atmosphere

Sincerity: The film’s tone, which oscillates between melancholy and fleeting moments of beauty, mirrors Woolf’s own life and writing. The pacing and visual style reflect the disjointedness of Woolf's thoughts. The juxtaposition of light and dark, along with scenes of natural beauty, emphasizes how depression can exist alongside beauty, creating an authentic representation of her experience.

Genuineness: The somber, reflective tone of the movie aligns with the depressive state Woolf is portrayed to be in. The film does not rush to resolution but lingers on her emotional struggles, which creates a sense of honesty about the pain and turmoil that she faced.

4. Depiction of Woolf’s Relationships and Social Context

The relationships Woolf has with her husband Leonard (played by Stephen Dillane), and her interactions with others are depicted as compassionate but strained. This shows the isolation she felt despite being surrounded by people who cared about her. These elements help us understand that depression is not just an internal state but can also affect one’s ability to connect with others.

The historical and social context (Woolf's status as a writer, the pressures on women at the time, and her own personal history of mental health struggles) is woven into the film, adding depth to her character. This cultural framing also enhances the genuineness of the portrayal by showing the societal limitations and personal challenges Woolf faced.

5. The Psychological Depth and Narrative

The film weaves together three parallel stories—Woolf’s own life, the character of Laura Brown (who reads Mrs. Dalloway and reflects on her own struggles), and Clarissa Vaughan (a contemporary of Laura, also named after Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway). This structure helps the audience understand how Woolf’s depressive state resonates through time and connects to others. It emphasizes the broader human experience of depression, making Woolf’s condition relatable and universal.

The narrative doesn’t trivialize Woolf’s mental health. Instead, it illustrates her struggle with self-worth, the pressure to create, and the overwhelming force of her emotions. This multi-layered approach helps create a truthful depiction of Woolf’s internal world, suggesting the depth of her psychological state.

Question : 4 

Share your thoughts about the portrayal of the relationship between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville West. (Here, discuss points like who initiated the relationship, their first meeting, their last meeting, etc)

Answer :

➡️    The relationship between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West, portrayed in films like The Hours and other adaptations, is depicted as a deep and intense emotional bond that greatly influenced Woolf's personal and creative life. Here’s a simplified breakdown of key aspects:

1. Who Initiated the Relationship?

      Vita Sackville-West is often seen as the one who initiated the relationship. She was an assertive, confident figure who pursued Woolf with a mix of charm and determination.

2. First Meeting:

     Their first meeting took place in the early 1920s, when Vita, already an established writer, introduced herself to Woolf. Vita admired Woolf’s writing and intellect, and they soon became close friends, with a strong emotional connection blossoming.

3. Romantic Relationship:

      The romantic aspect of their relationship began in the mid-1920s. Though both women had other relationships, their emotional connection was significant. They shared passionate letters and secret meetings, with Woolf often being captivated by Vita’s confidence and independence.

4. Impact on Woolf’s Writing:

        Vita inspired Woolf’s novel Orlando, which fictionalizes their relationship and explores themes of gender, identity, and time. Woolf often wrote about Vita’s beauty, intellect, and how she represented freedom.

5. Last Meeting:

     Their relationship gradually cooled after several years, partly due to Woolf’s increasing mental health struggles and Vita’s more traditional family life. While their romantic relationship ended, they maintained a close friendship until the end of Woolf’s life.

In essence, Woolf and Vita shared a complex, transformative bond—one that shaped both their personal lives and literary works, but it was ultimately marked by tension, separation, and deep emotional reflection.

Thank you. 

I. A. Richard : Reading Poems

 Hello, 

             First of all this blog is written on a explore the idea of Poem by Freedom Nyamubaya and what is the point of poem here we can find out and this task is part of Thinking Activity assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. Sir's blog click here for more information about the I. A. Richards poem and figurative language to get a practical criticism. Here, I search the many point of poem and understand that in details. 

"A MYSTERIOUS MARRIAGE"

Once upon a time

A boy and girl were

Forced to leave their home

By armed robbers.

The boy was Independence

The girl was Freedom.

While fighting back, they got married.

After the big war, they went back home.

Everybody prepared for the wedding.

Drinks and food abounded,

Even the disabled felt able.

The whole village gathered waiting,

Freedom and Independence

Were more popular than Jesus.

Independence came,

But Freedom was not there.

An old woman saw Freedom’s shadow passing

Through the crowd, leaving by the gate.

All the same, they celebrated Independence.

Independence is now a senior bachelor.

Some people still talk about him,

Others take no notice.

A lot still say it was a fake marriage.

You can’t be a husband without a wife.

Fruitless and barren, Independence staggers to old age.

Leaving her shadow behind,

Freedom has never returned.

By - Freedom T.V. Nyamubaya

🔷 About the Poet: Freedom T.V. Nyamubaya

           Freedom Nyamubaya (1958–2015) was a celebrated Zimbabwean poet, writer, activist, and liberation war veteran. She fought in Zimbabwe's liberation war against colonial rule and later expressed her experiences, hopes, and frustrations through poetry. Her works focus on themes such as war, independence, freedom, and the post-independence disillusionment faced by many in Zimbabwe.

Her poetry is recognized for its honesty, emotional depth, and ability to critique societal and political failures without losing sight of hope for a better future.

🔷 Overview of the Poem :

"A Mysterious Marriage" is an allegorical poem that explores the relationship between independence and freedom—two central ideas in the context of political liberation. Through personification, Nyamubaya critiques the reality of post-colonial independence in Zimbabwe, where political self-rule was achieved, but true freedom, equality, and justice remained absent.

The poem uses a "marriage" as a metaphor to examine the expectations and failures of independence movements, where the promise of liberty was overshadowed by corruption, disillusionment, and continued oppression.

🔷 Theme and Key Ideas :

1. The Illusion of a Complete Victory

   • The marriage between "Independence" (the boy) and "Freedom" (the girl) symbolizes the hopes that the liberation war would lead to political sovereignty (independence) and societal justice (freedom).
   • However, Freedom's absence at the wedding reflects how political independence often fails to achieve the broader ideals of freedom.

2. Post-Independence Disillusionment

   • The poem critiques the leadership and governance after liberation, highlighting unfulfilled promises and the stagnation of progress.
   • Independence, though achieved, is "fruitless and barren," representing its failure to improve the lives of ordinary people.

3. Symbolism of Shadows and Truth

   • Freedom appears only as a "shadow" leaving the celebration, symbolizing how liberty remains intangible and out of reach.
   • The old woman’s observation of Freedom’s shadow represents those who can see the harsh realities amidst collective celebration.

4. Human and Societal Failures

   • The poem subtly critiques both the leaders who misuse independence and the masses who blindly celebrate it without questioning its incomplete nature.
   • The line, “Independence is now a senior bachelor,” captures the loneliness and futility of independence when it stands alone, without the companion of freedom.

🔷Structure and Tone

• Structure: The poem is written in free verse, allowing the narrative to flow like a story.
• Tone: Reflective and critical, yet calm and subtle. The poet does not directly condemn but uses allegory to point out the gaps between expectation and reality.   

🔷 Detailed Literary Analysis

1. Use of Allegory

The entire poem is an allegory where:

• The boy (Independence): Represents political sovereignty, self-rule, and the end of colonial domination.
• The girl (Freedom): Stands for liberty, equality, justice, and the better quality of life promised during the liberation struggle.
• The marriage: Symbolizes the union of political independence with freedom as an ideal outcome of the liberation struggle.
• Freedom’s absence at the wedding: Highlights how political independence often fails to bring about true liberty.

2. Personification

Independence and Freedom are personified as human characters. This technique makes abstract concepts relatable and emphasizes their emotional and societal impact.

3. Symbolism

• Freedom’s Shadow: Symbolizes the elusive and intangible nature of liberty after independence. It suggests that while freedom was promised, it was never fully realized.
• The Wedding Celebration: Represents the collective joy and hope of the people post-independence, even though the true essence of freedom is missing.
• Fruitless and Barren Independence: Reflects the stagnation, corruption, and lack of progress in the post-liberation era.

4. Similes and Metaphors

• Metaphor: "Independence is now a senior bachelor."
  • This metaphor critiques the isolation and unfulfilled potential of political independence.
• Metaphor: "Freedom has never returned."
  • Suggests that despite promises, liberty and justice have not been achieved.

5. Tone and Mood

• The tone is reflective and critical but avoids outright anger. Nyamubaya uses subtlety to allow readers to infer the harsh truths.
• The mood transitions from hope and celebration to a realization of emptiness and disillusionment.

 🔷Misunderstandings and Clarifications

• "Freedom’s shadow passing through the crowd": Some readers might interpret this literally. In reality, it symbolizes the absence of liberty and justice, even when independence is celebrated.
• "You can’t be a husband without a wife": Highlights that independence (husband) is incomplete and meaningless without freedom (wife).
• "Fruitless and barren Independence": Does not imply literal barrenness but critiques the lack of progress and productivity in society post-independence 

🔺Key Lines and Their Interpretation

1. "The boy was Independence, the girl was Freedom"

   • Establishes the allegorical nature of the poem. Independence and Freedom are symbolic of abstract concepts tied to liberation struggles.

2. "Independence came, but Freedom was not there."

   • Highlights the gap between achieving sovereignty and ensuring liberty and justice.

3. "Leaving her shadow behind, Freedom has never returned."

   • Freedom remains an unfulfilled promise, with only traces of it visible post-independence.

4. "Independence is now a senior bachelor."

   • Suggests the isolation and unproductiveness of political sovereignty without true liberty.

▪️Words and Their Meanings :

1. Fruitless: Something that doesn't produce any results or success. In the poem, it means Independence hasn't fulfilled its promises.
2. Barren: Not able to produce; empty or unproductive. It shows that Independence hasn’t created positive outcomes for people.

▪️Questions of Misunderstanding the Poem

1. Why is Independence celebrated even though Freedom is missing?
   

2. What does the marriage between Independence and Freedom symbolize?
   

3. Why did Freedom leave the marriage   if Independence was already achieved?

4.            Does the poem celebrate Independence as a complete success?

5. Does the shadow of Freedom mean that Freedom will return later?

▪️Conclusion :

     "A Mysterious Marriage" is a powerful critique of the post-independence experience in Zimbabwe and other post-colonial nations. It questions the fulfillment of the promises made during liberation struggles, showing how independence often fails to bring about true freedom. Through allegory, personification, and symbolism, Nyamubaya captures the disillusionment of a people whose expectations remain unmet, urging readers to reflect on the deeper meaning of independence and liberty. 

▪️Reference :

I.A. Richards - Figurative Language - Practical Criticism, www.researchgate.net/publication/377146653_IA_Richards_-_Figurative_Language_-_Practical_Criticism. Accessed 27 Dec. 2024. 

Nyamubaya, Freedom T.V. “A Mysterious Marriage.” Freedom T.V. Nyamubaya - Zimbabwe - Poetry International, www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poems/poem/103-15408_A-MYSTERIOUS-MARRIAGE#lang-org. Accessed 27 Dec. 2024. 

Thank you. 

War Poetry

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This Blog is a part of Thinking Activity task assigned by Professor Prakruti Bhatt Ma'am, and this illustrate the large part of time world War and here the poem is portraits the how express psychological and emotional trauma of soldiers. And for more information about world war 1 so watch the video and get what is the context of world War and how reflect on poetry. 

War Poetry: A Comparative Study

Question : 1

Choose one poem from the English literary cannon which deals with the theme of war and compare it with any one of the five war poems you have studied in this unit. [Discuss aspects like the style of the poems, language employed, treatment of the theme of war, etc.] How are they different? Are there any similarities?

Answer :

➡️  Comparison Between "The Battle of Blenheim" by Robert Southey and "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen

"The Battle of Blenheim"

     Written by Robert Southey, this poem recounts the Battle of Blenheim, a key conflict in the War of the Spanish Succession (1704). Through the perspective of an old man, the poem reflects on the battle’s impact on future generations and critiques the glorification of war.

"Dulce et Decorum Est"

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,

Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,

Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs

And towards our distant rest began to trudge.

Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,

But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;

Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots

Of disappointed shells that dropped behind.

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!—an ecstasy of fumbling,

Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;

But someone still was yelling out and stumbling

And floundering like a man in fire or lime.—

Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,

As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,

He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace

Behind the wagon that we flung him in,

And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,

His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;

If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood

Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,

Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud

Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,—

My friend, you would not tell with such high zest

To children ardent for some desperate glory,

The old Lie; Dulce et decorum est

Pro patria mori.

     Written by Wilfred Owen, this poem critiques the notion that it is "sweet and fitting" to die for one's country, as suggested by the famous Latin phrase "Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori." Owen describes a gruesome scene from World War I, showing the brutality of war and the suffering of soldiers.

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Comparison

Aspect	"The Battle of Blenheim"	"Dulce et Decorum Est"
Style	Narrative, with an ironic, reflective tone.	Free verse, direct, emotional, and graphic in its portrayal of war.
Language	Simple and folk-like language, with an ironic tone.	Harsh, raw language emphasizing the gruesome reality of war.
Treatment of War	Critiques the glorification of war through a reflective lens.	Directly critiques the myth of dying for one’s country, showing the horrors of war.
Imagery	Uses stark, ironic imagery, such as "The boy's eyes grew large and wild" and "The blood-red sunset."	Vivid, disturbing imagery of soldiers dying, such as "guttering, choking, drowning."
Tone	Ironic and contemplative, with a sense of questioning.	Bitter,  disillusioned, and angry at the futility of war.

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Differences

• Tone: "The Battle of Blenheim" has a reflective, almost detached tone, as the speaker comments on the battle’s futility. It questions why wars are fought and whether they are worth the destruction they cause. In contrast, Owen’s "Dulce et Decorum Est" is angry and raw, condemning the glorification of war and exposing its horrors.
• Style: Southey’s poem is more narrative and slower-paced, recounting the aftermath of the battle from a reflective perspective. Owen’s poem, however, uses a direct, graphic depiction of a soldier’s death to criticize the notion of war as honorable.
• Language: Southey’s language is more ironic and simple, reflecting the distance between the past and present. Owen uses harsh, visceral imagery to convey the physical and emotional toll of war, making it feel immediate and intense.

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Similarities

• Critique of War: Both poems question the glorification of war. Southey’s poem does so by showing the long-term, generational effects of war, while Owen’s poem directly critiques the notion that dying for one’s country is noble.
• Impact on Soldiers: Both poems explore the psychological and physical effects of war on those who experience it. Southey highlights the lasting memories of war, while Owen focuses on the immediate trauma and death.
• Use of Imagery: Both poems use vivid, sometimes haunting imagery to convey the destructive nature of war.

➡️       While "The Battle of Blenheim" by Robert Southey critiques war through a reflective and ironic tone, "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen critiques war with a raw and immediate portrayal of its horrors. Both poems ultimately condemn the glorification of war, but they do so in different ways: Southey through irony and distance, and Owen through direct, vivid imagery. These differences highlight the varying approaches to war poetry, reflecting different historical contexts and the evolving public perception of war.

Question : 2

• "War poetry is not necessarily ‘anti-war’. It is, however, about the very large questions of life: identity, innocence, guilt, loyalty, courage, compassion, humanity, duty, desire, death." Discuss this statement in the context of any two of the war poems you have studied.

Answer:

➡️    To discuss the statement, "War poetry is not necessarily ‘anti-war’. It is, however, about the very large questions of life: identity, innocence, guilt, loyalty, courage, compassion, humanity, duty, desire, death," we can look at how two war poems—Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen and The Target by Ivor Gurney—engage with these deep human questions.

1. Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen :

Theme of Death:

• Owen’s poem starkly presents the horrific reality of war, showing death not as a noble end but as painful and grotesque. The soldier’s death from a gas attack is described in harrowing detail, illustrating the brutal and dehumanizing nature of war.

• “My friend, you would not tell with such high zest / To children ardent for some desperate glory, / The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est / Pro patria mori.”       -     This reflects the harsh reality of death in war, subverting the notion that it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country.

• Theme of Guilt and Humanity:

  • Owen’s speaker criticizes the glorification of war and expresses a sense of guilt about how society encourages young people to view dying for their country as honorable.
  • The line “My friend, you would not tell with such high zest” addresses the emotional and moral guilt of encouraging others to partake in war without understanding its horrific consequences.

• Theme of Innocence:

  • The soldiers are portrayed as innocent victims of war, described as “coughing like hags” and “blind,” highlighting how war strips them of their innocence and humanity. They are not heroic figures, but tired, wounded, and broken individuals.

2. The Target by Ivor Gurney : 

Theme of Identity:

• • Gurney’s poem explores the internal conflict of a soldier who has killed another man. The act of killing challenges the soldier’s sense of self and identity, particularly as he reflects on the shared humanity of the enemy soldier.
  • “This man I killed, my comrade kind, / Of good hard-working folk – my kind” reveals the internal struggle as the soldier sees the other as no different from himself, highlighting the theme of shared identity across the lines of enemy soldiers.

• Theme of Guilt:

  • The soldier feels a profound sense of guilt for taking another life, reflecting on the shared nature of humanity between the enemy and himself. The question of whether it was justified reveals the moral conflict he faces.

• Theme of Loyalty and Duty:

  • The soldier’s actions are motivated by duty to his country, but Gurney complicates this notion by portraying the killing as emotionally distressing. The soldier’s loyalty is questioned as he faces the moral ambiguity of his actions. The duty to kill for one’s country conflicts with his growing realization of the futility of war.

• Theme of Compassion:

  • Gurney highlights the soldier’s compassion for the man he killed, referring to the enemy soldier as a “comrade” and showing empathy for his death. This compassion underscores the moral complexity of war, as soldiers are forced to kill people who are not so different from themselves.

Both poems grapple with deep questions of identity, guilt, humanity, loyalty, death, and compassion in the context of war. Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est critiques the glorification of war and exposes the brutal reality of death, while Gurney's The Target explores the internal conflict and moral ambiguity soldiers face when they kill another human being. These poems illustrate that war poetry is not simply "anti-war"; it is an exploration of the emotional, psychological, and ethical dilemmas faced by soldiers, forcing readers to confront the larger, complex questions of life in times of conflict.

Question : 3 

• Compare Ivor Gurney's The Target with Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est. What are some notable similarities and differences between these two war poets and their poetry?

Answer :

Here's a two major poems which about the war period and  are both written by war poet. Ivor and Wilfred are both very Great poet and they Describe as himself in poetry, so in below we can find some difference and similarities between them poetry. 

Ivor Gurney's "The Target" and Wilfred Owen's "Dulce et Decorum Est" are two poignant poems written by British war poets during World War I, addressing the horrors of war and its impact on soldiers. While both explore the brutal realities of warfare, they do so in different ways, reflecting the unique voices and experiences of each poet. And 

Similarities:

1. Anti-War Sentiment: Both poems convey powerful anti-war messages. Gurney’s The Target and Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est challenge the glorification of war, exposing its grim and devastating consequences. Gurney shows the psychological toll of war on soldiers, while Owen directly condemns the notion that it is sweet and honorable to die for one's country.

2. Graphic Depictions of War: Both poems include vivid and graphic descriptions of the violence and suffering soldiers endure. Owen’s "Dulce et Decorum Est" is known for its harrowing portrayal of a soldier’s death by gas attack, while Gurney’s The Target conveys the sense of being a target in war, evoking feelings of vulnerability and the inevitability of death.

3. The Dehumanization of Soldiers: In both works, soldiers are depicted as victims of a brutal system that dehumanizes them. In Owen's poem, soldiers are reduced to "beggars" and "cattle," while Gurney's The Target shows the soldier as a mere target, stripped of individuality, focusing on the bleak inevitability of death.

4. Experiences of Trauma: Both poets, having experienced the horrors of war firsthand, write from a place of personal trauma. Gurney’s own struggles with mental health following his service, and Owen’s traumatic experiences with poison gas and the death of comrades, inform the emotional depth and realism in both poems.

Differences:

1. Tone and Style:

• Owen’s Tone: "Dulce et Decorum Est" is known for its sharp, bitter tone, especially in its final lines. Owen uses irony to emphasize the falsehood of the phrase "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori," meaning "It is sweet and honorable to die for your country." The poem is a direct assault on the glorification of war.

• Gurney’s Tone: In contrast, Gurney’s The Target carries a more contemplative and introspective tone. While it highlights the horror of war, it also touches on the psychological burden carried by soldiers, perhaps reflecting Gurney’s personal anguish and sense of futility.

1. Focus on the Individual vs. the Collective:

   • Owen’s "Dulce et Decorum Est" focuses on the collective suffering of soldiers, with an emphasis on the graphic, shared experience of a gas attack. It is a direct critique of the idea that war is noble for all soldiers, calling into question the glorification of sacrifice.
   • Gurney’s "The Target", however, seems to center on the personal experience of being a soldier, portraying the soldier as a target, subject to external forces beyond their control. It conveys a more individual, internalized perspective on war, emphasizing vulnerability and personal fear.

2. Poetic Imagery:

   • Owen uses stark, visceral imagery to describe the horrific effects of war, such as the description of the soldier “guttering, choking, drowning” in a gas attack. The imagery is immediate and traumatic.
   • Gurney, on the other hand, uses less direct and more reflective imagery. The Target reflects a deeper psychological torment, with metaphors of being a target or prey, highlighting the emotional toll and internalized fear rather than direct physical suffering.

3. Structure and Language:

• Owen’s poem uses a more structured, formal style with a regular rhyme scheme in the first stanza, which breaks down as the poem progresses, mirroring the collapse of the soldiers' bodies and spirits. The poem’s final lines are famously direct, an impassioned rejection of the idea that dying for one's country is sweet.
• Gurney’s poem tends to be more irregular in form, perhaps reflecting the fragmented mental state of a soldier in war. The language is often softer, allowing for more introspection, as the poem explores the psychological experience of war.

Both Ivor Gurney and Wilfred Owen are deeply concerned with the brutal realities of war, but they express this in different ways. Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est is a direct and biting critique of the patriotic rhetoric surrounding war, focusing on the immediate, physical horrors. Gurney’s The Target, while equally grim, offers a more internalized view, emphasizing the soldier’s personal vulnerability and the psychological torment of being in war. Both poets, shaped by their personal experiences in World War I, contribute to the broader tradition of war poetry that denounces the glorification of conflict and reveals its true cost. And with other poem Similarities and differences here find so for that Click here. 

Conclusion : 

War poetry has long been a powerful medium for exploring not only the immediate horrors of conflict but also the deeper, more profound questions about life, identity, and humanity. Poets like Ivor Gurney and Wilfred Owen are often seen as the voice of the soldiers in the trenches, giving expression to the mental, emotional, and physical toll of war.

Reference : 

“Dulce et Decorum Est.” Poets.Org, Academy of American Poets, 24 May 2019, poets.org/poem/dulce-et-decorum-est. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024. 

“The Target by Ivor Gurney.” By Ivor Gurney - Famous Poems, Famous Poets. - All Poetry, allpoetry.com/The-Target. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024. 

“The Battle of Blenheim, by Robert Southey.” Poetry Archive | Poems, www.poetry-archive.com/s/the_battle_of_blenheim/. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024. 

Thank you. 

Frame Study of "Morden times and The Great Dictator" by Charlie Chaplin

Hello, 

This a blog is part of Thinking Activity assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir, and this blog is marked on morden time to how connect with the Industrialization and Liberation in Factory to work with freedom and what kinds to work hard and a small person how become a All Rounder in every work. Here's a two films of Charlie Chaplin discuss it in detail. 

Here, Morden Literature click here for more information on the conditions of The 20th century between cultural and economic struggle and Development. 

The term "zeitgeist" refers to the spirit or mood of a particular period in history, reflecting the ideas, beliefs, and culture of that era. In the 1930s, Charlie Chaplin—a master of silent and early sound cinema—captured the zeitgeist of his time in two iconic films: Modern Times (1936) and The Great Dictator (1940). Both movies showcase the challenges of the era, blending humor and pathos to highlight social, economic, and political issues. Here, we explore how these films reflect their times and why they remain relevant today.

Modern Times by Charlie Chaplin: A Reflection on Industrialization and Humanity & Modern Times: The Struggles of the Common Man. 

      Modern Times (1936) is one of Charlie Chaplin's most celebrated films. In this silent comedy-drama, Chaplin's iconic character, the Tramp, navigates a world shaped by industrialization and economic hardship. Released during the Great Depression, the film uses humor, satire, and poignant storytelling to comment on the struggles of ordinary people in a rapidly mechanized society.

The film opens with the Tramp working on an assembly line in a factory, where he is tasked with endlessly tightening bolts. The repetitive, high-speed nature of the job eventually overwhelms him, leading to a mental breakdown. After being mistaken for a communist agitator and jailed, he tries to reintegrate into society but encounters constant challenges, from unemployment to unjust imprisonment. Along the way, he meets a young orphaned woman, known as the Gamin, and together they dream of a better future, finding solace in their companionship.

👉 Themes Explored in Modern Times

Industrialization and Its Effects:

The film highlights how industrialization dehumanizes workers. The factory scenes depict laborers as mere extensions of machines, performing monotonous tasks without any room for creativity or individuality. The absurdity of the "feeding machine" emphasizes the lack of consideration for human needs in the pursuit of efficiency.

Economic Struggles:

Set against the backdrop of the Great Depression, Modern Times portrays the desperation faced by millions. From the Tramp's inability to hold down a job to the Gamin's struggle to survive after losing her family, the film mirrors the harsh realities of the era.

Hope and Resilience:

Despite the bleak circumstances, the film ends on an optimistic note. The Tramp and the Gamin walk down a road together, embodying the idea that perseverance and mutual support can help overcome adversity.

Critique of Technology:

Chaplin satirizes the blind faith in technological progress. While machines are meant to improve productivity, they end up alienating workers and creating chaos. This critique remains relevant today as society grapples with issues like automation and artificial intelligence.

Key Moments and Symbolism

The Assembly Line Scene:

The Tramp's struggle to keep up with the relentless pace of the conveyor belt is a powerful metaphor for the loss of individuality in industrialized workplaces.

The Feeding Machine:

This comedic yet unsettling invention showcases how technological "advancements" can prioritize efficiency over humanity. 

The Final Scene:

The Tramp and the Gamin walking hand in hand symbolizes resilience and hope, even when faced with seemingly insurmountable odds.

Legacy of Modern Times

Modern Times is more than just a film; it is a cultural commentary on the challenges of modernity. Chaplin masterfully combines humor with social critique, creating a timeless masterpiece that resonates across generations.

Even today, the film’s exploration of the impacts of industrialization, economic inequality, and technological dependency continues to spark discussions. Its universal themes and heartfelt storytelling ensure that Modern Times remains relevant and deeply moving to audiences worldwide.

Chaplin's ability to find humor and hope in the darkest of times solidifies his legacy as one of cinema's greatest pioneers.

The Great Dictator: A Bold Statement Against Tyranny 

The Great Dictator is a daring and timeless masterpiece by Charlie Chaplin that boldly critiques fascism and the rising tide of totalitarianism in the late 1930s. Set in the fictional nations of Tomainia and Bacteria, the film uses humor, absurdity, and drama to expose the dangers of dictatorships and promote values of democracy, freedom, and unity.

Plot Summary :

The Barber and His Struggles

The story begins during World War I, where a Jewish barber (played by Chaplin) saves a soldier named Schultz but suffers amnesia after a plane crash. Years later, the barber returns to his ghetto, only to find it oppressed under the regime of Adenoid Hynkel, the dictator of Tomainia.

Adenoid Hynkel :

Hynkel (also played by Chaplin) is a caricature of Adolf Hitler—vain, tyrannical, and power-hungry. He dreams of world domination and enforces brutal anti-Semitic policies.

Parallel Stories

The barber's humble, human story unfolds against Hynkel’s absurd attempts to cement his power. Through comical yet chilling depictions of propaganda and militarism, the film critiques the cult of personality surrounding dictators.

Climax and the Speech

In a twist of fate, the barber is mistaken for Hynkel and is thrust into a position of power. In the film’s climactic moment, he delivers an impassioned speech, rejecting tyranny and urging the world to embrace peace, kindness, and democracy.

Key Themes

The Absurdity of Dictatorship

Hynkel’s exaggerated behavior, such as his nonsensical speeches and childish rivalry with Benzino Napaloni (a parody of Mussolini), highlights the absurdity of fascist leaders.

Humanity vs. Oppression

The barber symbolizes ordinary people who endure the cruelty of oppressive regimes but maintain hope and resilience. His gentle nature contrasts sharply with Hynkel's ruthlessness.

The Power of Words

The final speech, in which the barber denounces hatred and calls for unity, is a direct appeal to the audience, transcending the boundaries of the film. The final speech by Charlie Chaplin in The Great Dictator is a powerful and emotional plea for humanity, kindness, and unity. Here’s a simplified version of the speech:

I’m sorry, but I don’t want to rule anyone. I don’t want to control or harm others. I believe everyone should live in freedom and happiness, no matter who they are.

The world is big enough for everyone. Modern technology and progress should bring us closer, not push us apart. We’ve become too focused on machines and power and forgotten kindness and humanity.

We need more love and understanding. Without these, life becomes cold and empty. Science and progress mean nothing without compassion.

We all share this planet. We all want to live in peace and happiness. Soldiers, don’t obey leaders who tell you to hate and harm others. You are not machines; you are people with hearts, love, and dreams.

Let us fight for a better world—a world of reason and fairness, where everyone can work, love, and live freely. Don’t give in to dictators who only care about power. Stand together and create a world of unity and hope.

The darkness we face now is temporary. If we work together, the light will return. Humanity will rise, and freedom will triumph. Believe in yourselves, and let’s make this a better world for everyone.

This simplified version keeps the core messages: rejecting oppression, valuing humanity over machines, and striving for peace and unity.

Resistance Through Humor

By turning the seriousness of fascism into satire, Chaplin disarms its power and exposes its flaws, using comedy as a weapon against tyranny.

Memorable Scenes

Hynkel’s Globe Dance

In one of the most iconic sequences, Hynkel performs a surreal ballet with a globe balloon, representing his delusions of grandeur.

Symbolism in the Globe Scene

Illusion of Power: The scene where Hynkel dances with the globe emphasizes the absurdity of his delusions of grandeur. The playful interaction with the inflatable globe portrays Hynkel's fantasy of global domination in a childlike, almost farcical way. The globe’s fragility symbolizes how such power is ultimately tenuous and destructible.

Contrast Between Comedy and Tragedy: Chaplin uses comedy to expose the grave realities of war and dictatorship. The exaggerated theatrics underscore the triviality of Hynkel’s ambitions in the face of the suffering he causes.

Universal Message: The scene transcends its immediate historical context, providing a timeless critique of leaders driven by egotism and the dehumanization inherent in totalitarian regimes.

Cinematic and Cultural Significance

Innovative Blend of Comedy and Social Commentary: Chaplin’s use of slapstick humor to convey a serious anti-war and anti-fascist message was revolutionary. The film influenced subsequent political satires and demonstrated cinema’s power as a medium for dissent.

Humanitarian Appeal: The concluding speech, where Chaplin steps out of character to deliver a plea for peace, liberty, and democracy, solidifies the film’s role as a call to action against tyranny and oppression.

Chaplin’s Legacy: This scene exemplifies Chaplin's ability to combine artistic expression with a sharp political message, ensuring his relevance as one of the 20th century’s most influential filmmakers.

Why It Resonates in the 20th Century

The globe scene encapsulates the tensions of the 20th century, a period marked by world wars, totalitarianism, and ideological conflict. Chaplin’s satire not only critiques Hitler but also serves as a broader warning against the dangers of egomania and authoritarianism. The film’s universal message of humanism and its critique of oppression remain relevant today, making The Great Dictator a cornerstone of 20th-century cinema.

Hynkel’s Ridiculous Speeches

Chaplin parodies Hitler’s fiery oratory with gibberish and exaggerated gestures, showcasing the empty rhetoric of dictators.

The Final Speech

The film ends with the barber addressing the world, delivering one of cinema’s most powerful monologues. His plea for peace and human kindness remains a timeless call to action.

Historical Context

Released in 1940, before the United States entered World War II, The Great Dictator was a bold critique of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. At the time, many Western nations were still pursuing appeasement policies, making Chaplin’s satire both daring and controversial.

Legacy

The Great Dictator is celebrated as a landmark in film history for its audacious message and innovative blend of comedy and drama. It marked Chaplin’s transition to sound films and showcased his ability to use cinema as a platform for social and political commentary.

Today, the film is regarded as a powerful statement against tyranny and a reminder of the enduring values of freedom, democracy, and human dignity.

By 1940, the world was on the brink of World War II. The Great Dictator marked Chaplin’s first full talkie, and it took a daring stance against Adolf Hitler and fascism. In the film, Chaplin plays two roles: a Jewish barber and Adenoid Hynkel, a caricature of Hitler. Through satire, the film criticizes dictatorship, anti-Semitism, and the loss of freedom.

Key Reflections of the Zeitgeist:

Rise of Fascism: The film’s portrayal of Hynkel and his regime captures the growing fear of totalitarian leaders like Hitler and Mussolini. The exaggerated mannerisms of Hynkel underline the absurdity of such oppressive figures.

Call for Peace and Unity: The Jewish barber’s final speech is a heartfelt plea for humanity to reject hatred and embrace compassion, a message that resonated deeply with audiences during a time of global conflict.

Satirical Courage: Chaplin’s fearless critique of real-world events—at a time when Hollywood was hesitant to take a stand—demonstrates the power of art as a force for social and political change.

Empathy for the Oppressed: By juxtaposing the Jewish barber’s humility with Hynkel’s arrogance, the film humanizes those marginalized by authoritarian regimes.

The final speech of The Great Dictator is one of the most iconic moments in film history. It transcends its era, urging viewers to value democracy, freedom, and kindness in the face of hatred and division.

Why These Films Matter Today :

Even decades later, Modern Times and The Great Dictator continue to inspire and provoke thought. They remind us of the importance of standing up against oppression and valuing human dignity. In today’s world, where issues like economic inequality, authoritarianism, and the influence of technology are still relevant, these films serve as timeless reflections of resilience and hope.

Modern Relevance:

The critique of automation and technological dependence in Modern Times echoes concerns about artificial intelligence and the gig economy.

The anti-authoritarian message of The Great Dictator resonates in an era where democracy is under threat in many parts of the world.

Both films highlight the enduring value of empathy, humor, and the fight for justice.

Conclusion :

Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times and The Great Dictator are more than just films; they are cultural artifacts that capture the essence of their time. Through humor, satire, and heartfelt storytelling, Chaplin highlighted the struggles of ordinary people and the dangers of unchecked power. By understanding these masterpieces, we not only connect with history but also gain insight into the enduring challenges of humanity. These films urge us to reflect on our own zeitgeist and strive for a more compassionate and equitable world.

➡️     In a rapidly changing world, Chaplin’s work remains a beacon of hope, reminding us that laughter and love can coexist with a call for meaningful change. His legacy is a testament to the power of cinema to entertain, educate, and inspire.

Thank you.